Raspberry Pi IPv6 firewall tester installation
How to make your own Raspberry Pi IPv6 firewall tester.
Suggested Reading
Before you begin please read the excellent Arch Linux Beginners' Guide.
Arch Linux Download and CF card creation
Fetch the Arch Linux download from RaspberryPi Downloads
If you are using win32 disk imager then please be aware that the image file needs to be extracted onto a local physical drive (e.g. C: ) rather than a network/remote drive.
Login, Change the root password and Create a plain user
Having logged in as root, then make sure you change the default password:
# passwd
Then add a user, using a non-obvious username, e.g. PlnUsr456 : (follow the prompts)
# useradd -m PlnUser456 # passwd PlnUser456
Update your System and Install the Required Packages
Then update your system:
# pacman -Syu
Which is likely to update pacman itself – just follow the prompts and once this is complete then re-attempt the complete upgrade:
# pacman -Syu :: Synchronizing package databases... core is up to date extra is up to date community is up to date alarm is up to date aur is up to date :: Starting full system upgrade... resolving dependencies... looking for inter-conflicts... Proceed with installation? [Y/n] :: Retrieving packages from core...
Simplistic IPv6 Firewall
By default IPv6 support is disabled in later Arch Linux releases. To enable it, edit /boot/cmdline.txt and remove the ipv6.disable=1 statement from the beginning of the line.
Following this modification it is sensible to reboot your Raspberry Pi and check that it has been correctly allocated an IPv6 address, using ifconfig:
# ifconfig eth0
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet AA.BB.C.DD netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast AA.BB.C.255
inet6 2001:470:971f:3:ba27:ebff:fecc:dc7c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 fe80::ba27:ebff:fecc:dc7c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether b8:27:eb:cc:dc:7c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 721789 bytes 103366589 (98.5 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 48 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 231210 bytes 130480722 (124.4 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
As a general starting point please read the ArchLinux IPtables documentation.
You will need to install the iptables modules and scripts using the following command:
# pacman -S iptables
The following IPv6 firewall is a very simplistic example, where SLAAC IPv6 address allocation is in place. You will want to add additional source address and/or packet arrival rate checking on an internet-facing Raspberry Pi.
*filter :INPUT DROP [0:0] :FORWARD DROP [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :ICMP6FLTR - [0:0] :LOGIDROP - [0:0] -A LOGIDROP -m limit --limit 20/m --limit-burst 10 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPV6_INPUT_DROP " --log-ip-options --log-tcp-options --log-tcp-sequence -A LOGIDROP -j DROP # # ICMPv6 filter chain # # Allow ping of this host to aid debug - comment out if not required -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type echo-request -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -m state -p ipv6-icmp --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED --icmpv6-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -m state -p ipv6-icmp --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED --icmpv6-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -m state -p ipv6-icmp --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED --icmpv6-type packet-too-big -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -m state -p ipv6-icmp --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED --icmpv6-type unknown-header-type -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -m state -p ipv6-icmp --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED --icmpv6-type unknown-option -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type ttl-zero-during-reassembly -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type bad-header -j ACCEPT # # Allow router advertisements to support SLAAC address allocation # ensure hop-limit (hl) is 255 -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type router-advertisement --source fe80::/10 --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type router-solicitation --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT # # Allow neighbour adv/sol so we can talk to our neighbouts (IPv6 ARP equivalent) # ensure hop-limit (hl) is 255 -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type neighbour-advertisement --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type neighbour-solicitation --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT # # Allow inverse neighbour discovery solicitation (141) / advertisement (142) # ensure hop-limit (hl) is 255 -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 141 --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 142 --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT # # Allow certificate path solicitation (148) / advertisement (149) # ensure hop-limit (hl) is 255 -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 148 --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT -A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 149 --match hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT ## ## Allow ICMPv6 with link local addresses for multicast listener query (130), report (131), done (132) and report v2 (143) ## Likely unused, but uncomment if required #-A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 130 --source fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT #-A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 131 --source fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT #-A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 132 --source fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT #-A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 143 --source fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT ## Allow ICMPv6 with link local addresses and hop limit == 1 for multicast router advertisement (151), solicitation (152) and termination (153) #-A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 151 --source fe80::/10 --match hl --hl-eq 1 -j ACCEPT #-A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 152 --source fe80::/10 --match hl --hl-eq 1 -j ACCEPT #-A ICMP6FLTR -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type 153 --source fe80::/10 --match hl --hl-eq 1 -j ACCEPT # # Drop everything else -A ICMP6FLTR -j LOGIDROP # # Main INPUT chain # # Allow all loopback traffic -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # Drop all routing header traffic (change if supporting mobile IPv6) -A INPUT -m rt --rt-type 0 -j LOGIDROP -A INPUT -m rt --rt-type 1 -j LOGIDROP -A INPUT -m rt --rt-type 2 -j LOGIDROP # Call ICMPv6 filter -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -j ICMP6FLTR # Allow all traffic related to, or part of an established stream -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH and HTTP traffic -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT # Drop, but log, everything else -A INPUT -j LOGIDROP COMMIT
Assuming your desired ruleset is stored in a file called simple_firewall6.rules then you can import the firewall rules using:
# ip6tables-restore < simple_firewall6.rules
You can view the active firewall rules, and determine the number of packets being processed by each rule using:
# ip6tables -v -n -L
Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 ACCEPT all lo any anywhere anywhere
6 480 LOGIDROP all any any anywhere anywhere rt type:0 segsleft:0
0 0 LOGIDROP all any any anywhere anywhere rt type:1 segsleft:0
0 0 LOGIDROP all any any anywhere anywhere rt type:2 segsleft:0
94 14928 ICMP6FLTR ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere
687 64315 ACCEPT all any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
24 1892 ACCEPT tcp any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh
3 192 ACCEPT tcp any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:http
2002 130K LOGIDROP all any any anywhere anywhere
Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 680 packets, 336K bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain ICMP6FLTR (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
1 176 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmp echo-request
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ipv6-icmp echo-reply
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ipv6-icmp destination-unreachable
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ipv6-icmp packet-too-big
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ipv6-icmp unknown-header-type
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ipv6-icmp unknown-option
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmp ttl-zero-during-reassembly
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmp bad-header
85 14280 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmp router-advertisement HL match HL == 255
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmp router-solicitation HL match HL == 255
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmp neighbour-advertisement HL match HL == 255
2 136 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmp neighbour-solicitation HL match HL == 255
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmptype 141 HL match HL == 255
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmptype 142 HL match HL == 255
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmptype 148 HL match HL == 255
0 0 ACCEPT ipv6-icmp any any anywhere anywhere ipv6-icmptype 149 HL match HL == 255
6 336 LOGIDROP all any any anywhere anywhere
Chain LOGIDROP (5 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
12 784 LOG all any any anywhere anywhere limit: avg 20/min burst 10 LOG level warning tcp-sequence tcp-options ip-options prefix "IPV6_INPUT_DROP "
2014 131K DROP all any any anywhere anywhere
Once you're satisfied that the IPv6 firewall rules are performing correctly then they can be saved using the following command:
# ip6tables-save >/etc/iptables/ip6tables.rules
Note that if you're also using IPv4 then don't forget to setup a similar IPv4 firewall ruleset. Again this example is only suitable for use in a trusted environment and needs further consideration for an internet facing machine.
*filter :INPUT DROP [0:0] :FORWARD DROP [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :LOGI4DROP - [0:0] -A LOGI4DROP -m limit --limit 10/m --limit-burst 5 -j LOG --log-prefix "IPV4_INPUT_DROP " --log-ip-options --log-tcp-options --log-tcp-sequence -A LOGI4DROP -j DROP # Allow all loopback traffic -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # Allow all traffic related to, or part of an established session -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # Allow ping of this host to aid debug - comment out if not required -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH and HTTP traffic -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT # Allow DHCP related traffic -A INPUT -p udp --dport 67:68 -j ACCEPT # Drop everything else -A INPUT -j LOGI4DROP COMMIT
This time import can be performed using:
# iptables-restore < simple_firewall.rules
Once you're happy with your IPv4 firewall then you can save the active rules using the following command:
# iptables-save >/etc/iptables/iptables.rules
Note that it is import to check full functionality still exists with your firewall in place - this particularly applies to address allocation (e.g. DHCP and SLAAC) procedures which may mean that a misconfigured firewall makes your Raspberry Pi unreachable. This is one reason why it is useful to develop the two rulesets (IPv4 and IPv6) separately, since if you misconfigure one firewall and lose connectivity then you can fall back to the working protocol version to correct your mistake. Once you're happy that both firewall sets are correct then you can enable the services from boot:
# systemctl enable ip6tables # systemctl enable iptables
You can check for dropped/logged packets (in the examples above logging is included for the IPv6 packet filter) using the following command:
# tailf /var/log/iptables.log
Installing LAMP
Install LAMP by following the excellent Arch Linux LAMP guide.
# pacman -S apache php php-apache mysql
Note: if you are running on a Model B version 1 then edit /etc/mysql/my.cnf to specify innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M before attempting to start the service.
# systemctl start mysqld
Don't forget to add a MySQL password:
# mysqladmin -u root password ‘password’ # mysql -u root -p
Then issue the following command to start MySQL at boot:
# systemctl enable mysqld
Read and follow the Apache section - I suggest that you adjust the default DocumentRoot directory by inserting an additional directory level (e.g. htdocs) under /srv/http so that you can place other directories at this same level without them all being under the Document root:
/srv/http/
htdocs/ - DocumentRoot directory for storage of your served web pages (e.g. index.php discussed below)
cgi-bin6/ - directory for the IPscan cgi executables
If you follow this suggestion then don't forget to modify the DocumentRoot setting in the apache configuration file! Having followed the php installation guide then you'll also need to update php's base directory to match Apache inside /etc/php/php.ini:
open_basedir = /srv/http/htdocs:/home/:/tmp/:/usr/share/pear/
And also define the timezone appropriately for your system:
[Date] ; Defines the default timezone used by the date functions ; http://php.net/date.timezone date.timezone = "Europe/London"
Once Apache and PHP start successfully:
# systemctl start httpd
then :
# systemctl enable httpd
Then install the basic development tools (provides gcc, etc.)
# pacman -S base-devel
And perl and the associated MySQL interface modules:
# pacman -S perl-dbi perl-dbd-mysql
You may also wish to include spoken sound support:
# pacman -S festival festival-english alsa-utils
And update your festivalrc file:
# cat /root/.festivalrc (Parameter.set 'Audio_Command "/usr/bin/aplay -R1000 -q -c 1 -t raw -f s16 -r $SR $FILE") (Parameter.set 'Audio_Method 'Audio_Command)
And add a sound.conf file under /etc/modules-load.d to ensure the Broadcom sound module is loaded at boot. The file needs to contain a single statement shown below:
# cat /etc/modules-load.d/sound.conf
snd_bcm2835
Note: this step appears to be unnecessary with current versions of archlinux.
Install git, download and build IPscan
Then install git and download the IPscan source:
# pacman -S git
Then clone the IPscan source into a directory under your root user account:
[root@alarmpi ~]# git clone https://github.com/timsgit/ipscan ipscan Cloning into 'ipscan'... remote: Counting objects: 221, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (200/200), done. remote: Total 221 (delta 156), reused 85 (delta 20) Receiving objects: 100% (221/221), 102.97 KiB, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (156/156), done. [root@alarmpi ~]# ls ipscan COPYING ipscan.c ipscan_checks.c ipscan_db.c ipscan.h ipscan_portlist.h ipscan_web.c Makefile README sqltidy.pl [root@alarmpi ~]#
Now follow the instructions in the README file within IPscan's github repository.
It's necessary to change the Makefile to reflect your Apache server's cgi-bin directory mapping:
Assuming your Apache configuration file (/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf) contains:
DocumentRoot "/srv/http/htdocs"
and ...
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin6/ "/srv/http/cgi-bin6/"
and ...
<Directory "/srv/http/cgi-bin6"> AllowOverride None Options +ExecCGI -Includes Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory>
then modify your IPscan Makefile to reflect this:
# Install location for the CGI files TARGETDIR=/srv/http/cgi-bin6 # HTTP URI PATH by which external hosts will access the CGI files. # This may well be unrelated to the installation path if Apache is configured # to provide CGI access via an alias. # NB : the path should begin with a / but must NOT end with one .... URIPATH=/cgi-bin6
Make sure you have created the /srv/http/cgi-bin6 directory (or whatever you have chosen) before attempting to build IPscan. Also make sure that your MySQL database is created following the instructions in the github repository. You will need to login to mysql using the root password you previously defined (above):
# mysql -u root -p
mysql> create database ipscan;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> create user 'ipscan-user'@'localhost' identified by 'ipscan-passwd';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> grant all privileges on ipscan.* to 'ipscan-user'@'localhost' identified by 'ipscan-passwd';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> exit
Modify the ipscan-user and ipscan-passwd entries to use your preferences (different to the ones that you chose for root!) and enter the same credentials into the ipscan.h include file:
// MySQL database-related globals #define MYSQL_HOST "localhost" #define MYSQL_USER "ipscan-user" #define MYSQL_PASSWD "ipscan-passwd" #define MYSQL_DBNAME "ipscan" #define MYSQL_TBLNAME "results"
Then you should be able to make IPscan as root user and perform the install to transfer the necessary cgi files into your preferred cgi-bin directory:
# make && make install
Prior to running the IPscan tester it is advisable to add a cron job which will execute the sqltidy.pl script to remove the completed scan results to protect your users' security and minimise the size of your database:
First install the necessary perl mysql data base interface modules:
# pacman -S perl-dbi-mysql perl-mysql
Then modify the MySQL related entries in the sqltidy.pl script to match your chosen user, password, etc. and then ensure that the script runs standalone without any perl errors:
# /root/ipscan/sqltidy.pl
And finally edit the root cron job to insert the line shown below (modified to reflect your IPscan source directory):
# crontab -e
You may wish to move sqltidy.pl to another location, but ensure its permissions prevent ordinary users from reading or executing the file:
*/5 * * * * /root/ipscan/sqltidy.pl 2>&1
Check your Services and IPv6 address allocation
Now it is suggested that you check your Apache service is running using lsof:
# pacman -S lsof # lsof -i -n -P |grep http httpd 712 root 4u IPv6 1457 0t0 TCP *:80 (LISTEN) httpd 16107 http 4u IPv6 1457 0t0 TCP *:80 (LISTEN) ...
And for MySQL:
# ps -ef |grep -i mysql
root 392 1 0 Aug25 ? 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql
mysql 688 392 0 Aug25 ? 01:47:48 /usr/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql ........
--user=mysql --log-error=/var/lib/mysql/alarmpi.err .......
--socket=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock --port=3306
Assuming that your Raspberry Pi has a valid IPv6 address and that your Apache and MySQL services are correctly running then you should be able to point a web browser to your cgi file:
e.g. towards http://[2001:470:971f:6::3]/cgi-bin6/ipscan-txt.cgi
Restrict SSH Logins
In general it is recommended that you apply all the standard SSH hardening approaches. You can also restrict logins to your newly created plain user (above) with the addition of the following line to your ssh configuration file (/etc/ssh/sshd_config). I'd also recommend that you choose an username which isn't a simple shortening of your own name:
AllowUsers PlnUsr456
Example PHP landing page
An example PHP landing page can be found by following the link Raspberry_Pi_IPv6_firewall_tester_landingpage.
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